消防安全策略涉及的不仅仅是预防, 检测, 灭火和疏散住户. 它还涉及保护人们免受烟雾暴露和毒性. Smoke inhalation, not burns, is the primary cause of death in a fire. 烟雾中的有毒排放物可能导致死亡, 比如一氧化碳或氰化氢, 以及高温.
会产生大量的烟雾, 尽管喷水灭火系统运转正常, 离开火灾地点. Smoke can reduce visibility and quickly incapacitate a person so that they can’t make it to an otherwise accessible exit. 它会导致人们在出口时迷失方向, 增加恐慌并对消防能力产生不利影响. For these reasons, high-risk buildings are required to be provided with smoke control systems.
卫生保健占用的烟雾控制系统
烟雾控制系统 是复杂的，包括不同系统之间的相互作用. This often includes fire alarms, sprinklers, electrical and building management systems. 模型代码, 如国际建筑规范和美国101, 在特定条件下需要烟雾控制系统, 包括大型舞台, 中庭, 高层建筑和地下建筑. Once required, the smoke control systems must be designed, built and maintained correctly.
卫生保健 occupancies specifically have more complex building systems and protocols than other buildings. 像皇家88账户注册样, the implementation of smoke control in health care occupancies is especially difficult. If sufficient care is not given, then the systems might not work correctly or have negative impacts.
烟气控制系统的设计
烟雾控制系统 are complex and work by either creating pressure differentials across barriers or by exhausting smoke and removing it from the area of concern. Both methods are typically accomplished by fans and input from a fire alarm system. These fans can be dedicated to smoke control uses or be non-dedicated fans that serve normal HVAC purposes and reconfigure for smoke control purposes.
烟雾控制方法, equipment and sequence of operations is progressed throughout the design phases. While the approach is typically guided by a fire protection engineer who creates a rational analysis, 设计应与所有利益相关者整合在一起. 最常见的烟雾控制类型(如.e., stair and elevator pressurization) rely on creating pressure differences across barriers. This can be in direct opposition to certain areas of hospitals that must create their own pressure differences for infectious disease control and other health-related patient safety.
烟雾控制系统的建设
除了被当局检查之外 管辖(AHJ), new smoke management systems are required to be inspected by a special inspector, 谁确保系统按设计运行. Smoke control special inspection starts in the design phase with a review of design documents and finishes once the system is commissioned and tested to work as designed. 皇家88账户注册次特别检查是必要的.
Stakeholders should care as much about special inspections as the AHJ sign-off. 考虑到烟雾控制系统的复杂性, many AHJs might not have the time or expertise to thoroughly review the systems. 另外, the interaction of multiple different systems in smoke control makes it difficult to adequately capture system function within a single affidavit (such as Fire Alarm or Mechanical Engineering).
像皇家88账户注册样, the smoke control special inspector provides a detailed review and identifies areas of concern early in a construction project to minimize re-work for the design/construction team. The special inspector will also help ensure that the smoke control system works correctly once the building is complete. This sets the owner up for success throughout the lifecycle of the building. It can help minimize re-work after receiving the Certificate of Occupancy, 皇家88账户注册可能是非常困难的.
占用率和信息技术管理
类似于其他生命安全系统, 烟雾控制系统必须经过检查, 测试和维护(ITM). 除了维护烟雾控制系统, 控烟必须每年或每半年进行一次功能测试, 取决于他们的细节. 国际消防规则要求进行测试, 美国1, and 美国101 and must be performed regardless of the system’s intent.
烟雾控制系统测试需要使用所有设备, measurements of pressure differentials and testing on secondary power. Integrated testing of smoke control systems can identify faults that are not obvious during individual system testing. Smoke control system testing post-occupancy is onerous and is frequently performed during off-hours to minimize impact to building occupants.
Deficiencies identified during periodic testing must be addressed as urgently as other life safety system deficiencies, 如火警警报器或消防洒水器. Periodic smoke control testing is required to test the building as it was designed, with any changes made to the building post-Certificate of Occupancy considered during testing. Items missed during construction special inspection can necessitate costly re-work.
保持最新的烟雾控制系统测试
烟雾控制系统 are life safety systems by many base codes and standards. They involve many different systems and, as a result, can be difficult to implement. 如果需要烟雾控制系统, all stakeholders should ensure that the systems are properly designed, 与所有其他生命安全系统一样构建和维护. This will help ensure patient safety and minimize re-work throughout a building’s life cycle. 了解更多关于皇家88账户注册如何帮助 消防系统建筑检查和测试 卫生保健设施的烟雾控制系统.